The Role of Ions in Dental Tissue Treatment, Repair and Remodelling: Mechanisms, Materials and Clinical Implications

Abstract

Ions play a pivotal role in dental tissue treatment, repair, and remodeling by influencing biochemical pathways and structural integrity. This review explores the multifaceted mechanisms through which ions interact with dental tissues at the molecular and cellular levels, highlighting their biochemical interactions that promote mineralization, antimicrobial defense, and tissue regeneration. Therapeutic ions are functionally classified based on their biological activities, such as remineralization enhancers, antimicrobial agents, and signaling modulators. Recent advances emphasize the synergistic effects of combining multiple ions, which can amplify therapeutic outcomes through complementary mechanisms. The integration of these ions into dental biomaterials has paved the way for innovative treatment options, improving material bioactivity, mechanical strength, and clinical efficacy. Clinical applications of ion-based therapies range from managing dentin hypersensitivity and caries prevention to advanced restorative procedures and bone regeneration. Despite promising results, several challenges remain, including controlling release kinetics, ensuring biocompatibility, and understanding long-term effects in complex oral environments. This review concludes by discussing future directions, emphasizing the development of smart ion-delivery systems and personalized therapeutic strategies to enhance dental care outcomes. Understanding the role of ions and their incorporation into dental materials is critical for advancing regenerative dentistry and improving patients’ quality of life.