Comprehensive Assessment of PLGA/nHAp Combined with Hemp Oil Bionanocomposites: Revealing the in Vitro Behavior and Features

Abstract

This study aims to develop PLGA/nHAp (poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid/ nano-hydroxyapatite)) bionanocomposites combined with industrial hemp oil (Ho) for use in bone tissue engineering applications. FT-IR, SEM, TGA-DSC, XRD, GC-MS and Raman spectroscopy analyses were performed to characterize the PLGA/nHAp/Ho bionanocomposite. The elasticity module: 12.673 MPa, tensile strength: 3.22 MPa, Electrophoretic: −71×10−6±5×10−6 cm2/Vs, Conductivity: 0.133 mS/cm, Encapsulation efficiency: %88.57±2.53, Zeta potential: 35.6±1.2 mV of PLGA/nHAp/Ho were found. As a result of Franz diffusion release kinetics modelling, the release kinetic model of Ho was determined as zero-order, with a high correlation coefficient (R2: 0.98). Furthermore, the phase transitions of Ho were modelled with 2D (“Wolfram Mathematica 13.2”) and Minitab 19 programmes. In addition, bionanocomposite samples containing Ho showed a strong effect against E. coli and S. epidermidis microorganisms. The zone of inhibition formed around the PLGA/nHAp/Ho sample had the largest diameter (> 20 mm). Moreover, a proliferation assay on the bionanocomposites was performed using MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells. In this way, cell culturing was performed on PLGA/nHAp/Ho for 7 days and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images of PLGA/nHAp/Ho were obtained after culturing. The results indicated that the number of cells adhering to all samples reached about 100% by the end of the first day. Cell proliferation substantially rose at the end of days 3 and 7. The PLGA/nHAp/Ho bionanocomposite sample exhibited the most notable increase in cell density. Overall, the results obtained demonstrate the promising potential of Ho in the development of bionanocomposites for applications in bone tissue engineering and related biological sectors in the future.