Wearable Electronic Patch for Physicochemical Data Transmission: Mxene-Based MEMS/NEMS Biosensors

Abstract

Wearable electronic patches have attracted significant attention as platforms for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of physiological and physicochemical signals at the skin interface. Recent literature highlights MXene materials as particularly promising candidates for wearable biosensing applications due to their high electrical conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, mechanical flexibility, and favorable biocompatibility. When combined with micro- and nano-engineering strategies, MXene-based sensing elements can be integrated into compact and multifunctional MEMS/NEMS architectures, enabling smart patches with enhanced sensitivity, signal stability, and mechanical durability. On-skin sensing technologies reported in previous studies enable reliable acquisition of biopotential, biomechanical, and chemical biomarkers, supporting real-time health monitoring across diverse physiological conditions. Furthermore, the integration of these smart patches into emerging digital health ecosystems facilitates wireless data transmission to mobile devices, cloud-based platforms, and clinical networks, promoting continuous and connected healthcare monitoring. This review summarizes recent advances in MXene-based MEMS/NEMS wearable biosensors, with particular emphasis on material–device integration strategies, sensing mechanisms, detected biomarker classes, and system-level connectivity. In addition, current challenges, including long-term biocompatibility, scalable manufacturing, material stability under physiological conditions, and secure data management, are critically discussed. Addressing these limitations will be essential for the translation of MXene-enabled wearable technologies toward personalized, predictive, and adaptive healthcare applications.