Biosensor Applications of Bacterial Cellulose in Therapeutic Technologies: a Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Bacterial cellulose (BC), synthesized by strains such as Acetobacter xylinum, has gained significant attention as a highly versatile biomaterial for the development of nano-biosensors, particularly in therapeutic technologies. Unlike plant-derived cellulose, BC is devoid of lignin and hemicellulose, providing a pure nanofibrous structure with distinct properties, including high crystallinity, mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and exceptional waterholding capacity. These characteristics make BC an ideal platform for biosensor integration, offering enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and real-time monitoring capabilities—key advantages for biomedical applications. BC-based biosensors present significant improvements over traditional technologies, particularly in early-stage disease detection and personalized medicine. The nanofibrillar structure of BC provides a large surface area for the immobilization of bio-recognition elements, such as enzymes, antibodies, and nucleic acids, facilitating superior signal transduction and enabling the detection of biomarkers at lower concentrations. This heightened sensitivity is crucial for early diagnosis, where conventional methods often fail to detect subtle biomolecular changes. Furthermore, BC’s inherent biocompatibility makes it an ideal material for the development of wearable biosensors capable of continuous monitoring and delivering patient-specific data. A prominent application of BC-based biosensors is in wound healing, where BC’s high water retention capacity supports an optimal moist environment for accelerated healing. When integrated with biosensing elements, BC wound dressings can monitor critical biomarkers, such as pH levels or the presence of specific pathogens, allowing for timely intervention and improved patient outcomes. BC-based biosensors have also been explored for use in drug delivery systems, where biosensors can detect specific biological cues to trigger the controlled release of therapeutic agents at targeted sites, thus minimizing side effects and enhancing the efficacy of treatments. In addition to its biomedical applications, BC is a sustainable and environmentally friendly material derived from renewable sources. Its biodegradability and ease of functionalization further enhance its potential for diverse medical applications. As a bio-based material, BC contributes to reducing the environmental impact of medical technologies while offering high-performance solutions. In summary, BC-based nano-biosensors represent a transformative approach to therapeutic technologies, offering enhanced performance in sensitivity, selectivity, and real-time monitoring. As research advances, BC’s integration into medical devices holds great promise for the future of sustainable, patient-centered healthcare solutions.